Absolute and Comparative Advantage Essay Example for Free

Absolute and Comparative Advantage Essay An individual, a firm, a region, or a county may develop an area of specialization naturally, but frequently choices must be made to determine what to produce for exchange or trade. Producers should concentrate on the activity in which the)- have an absolute advantage. An absolute advantage is the ability to product a good or service using fewer resources than other producers use. In the United States, this situation occurs when one region of a country is more suited than another for producing certain pro ¬ducts. Florida can grow oranges using fewer resources than Iowa, where heated green ¬houses would be necessary. Iowa has vast, flat acreage and can produce corn much more efficiently than could Florida. Thus, Florida specializes in oranges while Iowa concentrates on com. and the products are exchanged through the marketplace. When each of two parties has an absolute advantage over the other in producing a particular good or service, it is easy for both to decide their areas of specialization. But what happens when one party can produce both goods and services more effi ¬ciently than a second party? Should the party with the absolute advantage produce both products for itself? Although this party has the advantage in producing cither good, it should specialize in producing the good in which it has a comparative advantage. Comparative advantage is the ability to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than other producers facc. 1’his means lerting the other party produce the good in which it has the lower opportunity cost. Total output will be greater, and exchange will allow both parties to have both goods. Suppose a woman can make $100 per hour as a marketing consultant. Part of her work includes preparing reports for her clients. Suppose that in addition to being a first-class consultant, she is more efficient at word processing than anyone she might hire to key the reports. Thus, she might be able to key in one hour what it takes an assistant two hours to do. As a result, she reasons that, instead of hiring an assistant to do the work, she should do it herself. Is she right to do her own keying as well as consulting? If she docs her own keying, she still must take an hour each day from her consulting to do so. The opportunity cost of keying is the S100 she could have earned consulting. The opportunity cost of consulting is the S20 she must pay an assistant to key the reports. Therefore, if she hires an assistant, she can devote her hill time or consulting. I led gross earnings will be $ 100 greater per day. After paying the assistant $20 for two hours work, she will still have additional net income of $80 per day. Thus, the marketing consultant is bcucr-off specializing full time in the service for which she has the greater comparative advantage.

Growing Up in I Stand Here Ironing Essay -- American Literature Tillie

Growing up The oppression of women by society has never been a secret. Many times it has been documented in works of literature, and one classical example of this occurrence is "I Stand Here Ironing" by Tillie Olsen. This story illustrates the consequences of oppression in women's lives. The story leads the reader on an exploratory journey to witness the neglect by Emily's extremely guilty mother. This is described by the children's cry when they are left with strangers, lacking attention and love due to the fact she is a single parent at a time where this was not commonly accepted in the community, causing a lot of emotional distress. The mother's pain and torment is apparent from the very beginning of the story. Her realization that she could have been a better mother, had it not been for the circumstances and life events which occurred following Emily's birth, such as the father who dealt with his parental responsibility by leaving - "Her father left me before she was a year old. I had to work her first six years when there was work, or I sent her home and to his relatives" (Olsen, 373). The mother does, however, continually "shift" back and forth, as the metaphor of "ironing" implies, to invoke pity from the reader and explain that there were other people, and factors which played a significant role in Emily's upbringing. Purposely organized in a non chronological way, it illustrates the shifting, which is the passing back and forth of Emily emotionally (allowing the nursery, school teacher, and hospital staff play the primary care giver) and physically (the baby-sitter, the father's family, etc) distress. Emily's mother seems to be constantly blaming her troubles and circumstances for the less than adequate ... ...one or more of the five senses of the reader. In this short story, the author uses literal language to call up a mental picture in the reader's mind. In the last line of Emily's story her mother says, "Only help Emily to know... that she is more than this dress on the ironing board, helpless before the iron" (Olsen, 373). The image, ironing a dress, compares to actually raising a child. The dress represents the child, the iron is the child's parents and society, and the ironing board is their expectations. The theme this image conveys is that children grow up to become individuals as a result of their interaction with their parents and society, their experiences, and their own insight, not simply being "ironed" in to society's preconceived model. Work Cited Olsen, Tillie. "I Stand Here Ironing." The Story and It’s Writer. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford, 1999.

Pharmacia & Upjohn Case Study

Kayem Foods, Inc. Case Study Kayem Foods, Inc Buzz Marketing Al Fresco Chicken Sausage STRATEGIC ISSUES AND PROBLEMS Matt Monkiewicz is the director of marketing for Kayem Foods, Inc.. Mr. Monkiewicz was put under pressure to decide whether or not to us a buzz marketing plan for their Al Fresco chicken sausage brand, which would be implemented as part of their advertising campaign for 2006. The Al Fresco chicken sausage brand was able to capture a large portion of their target market, making them the number-one brand in its target market.The dilemma that Monkiewicz faces is whether or not the increase in sales were due to the buzz marketing campaign they implemented the previous year or if other advertising and promotional campaigns were the sole reason for the increase in sales. In order to make a decision, Monkiewicz must analyze all parts of the advertising and promotional campaigns that they have previously used and decide which of these campaigns actually contributed to the sale s increase and which campaigns didn’t. KAYEM FOODS, INC. Kayem Foods, Inc. as been around for almost a 100 years and is located in Chelsea, Massachusetts. The company has historically made its fortune from selling fresh delicatessen meats, hot dogs, and sausage. Annual sales, from the fiscal year ending February 28, 2004, were approximately $140 million. The majority of their sales came from meat products that were sold under several brand names, with the majority of the meat products being that of hot dogs. They have several brand names for which their products are sold and the most well-known brand is Kayem.There has been a continually rising market for sausage. Breakfast sausage has increased by 2 percent and dinner sausage has increased by 4 percent in 2003. This is why Kayem Foods, Inc. is desperately working to find a way to capture this rapidly growing market. Kayem Foods director of marketing, Matt Monkiewicz, feels that in order to adequately capture a significant po rtion of the market they must be willing to think outside the box and possibly implement non-traditional styles of advertising. Buzz marketing does exactly what Mr.Mankiewicz is looking for in his advertising campaign, which that they have used in the previous year and it has made them the number one-selling brand of chicken sausage, however, not all of the sales force at Kayem believes this increase in sales were due to Buzz marketing. Although Kayem has been able to substantially increase the sales of Al Fresco, they still have a lot of concerns pertaining to their profit margins. In the recent years supermarkets have been able to gain industry power, when it comes to dealing with manufacturers that supply them with products.The supermarkets now demand larger discounts and coupons for their customers. There is also a force keeping prices down due to the tense competition within the industry. In the past two years Kayem’s private label activity has been operating at break-ev en and co-packs have been operating below break-even. Obviously Kayem is in business to make money and not operate at break-even. They must use an aggressive advertising technique to get their profit margin back up. INSIGHTS TO BUZZ MARKETING You can sum up the definition of Buzz marketing in just 3 words,† word of mouth. Many companies have found this advertising approach to be very profitable and appealing to their bottom line. In today’s market, especially due to the rise of social networking, many companies depend on their current customers to help spread the word of their products. Buzz marketing helps companies build brand loyalty and awareness by building a personal relationship with their consumers. Many times consumers can be more easily persuaded towards purchasing a product when it is recommended from someone they know or trust and Buzz marketing does exactly that.Kayem Foods, Inc. previously used a company called Bzz Agent to implement their Buzz marketing c ampaign. Bzz Agent currently had 60,000 agents and these agents volunteered to try the products and then would use word of mouth techniques to get these products in the hands of their friends, acquaintances, and possibly strangers. Most of the Buzz agents actually enjoyed testing new products and then talking about them to their friends, they felt some type of satisfaction for being one of the â€Å"firsts† to discover the product.Bzz Agent also found that most of their agents advertised their products in all of the social networking settings, which also helps spread the word of the products. In recent years, marketing managers have found that product endorsements were more credible when it came from a friend or acquaintance. PLAN OF ACTION Mr. Monkiewicz must decide on which advertising campaign Al Fresco will use for next year. He must decide if they will usual traditional advertising like: television, radio, magazines, and billboards.Another option for his campaign could b e Buzz marketing, which if he decided to use he must develop a better way to track the increase in sales that come from Buzz marketing. He may also decide to implement more than one style of advertising and possibly combine the different approaches together, however, Monkiewicz has only been granted a marketing budget of $185,000 so he must be fully aware of his choices. Some of his choices may also not be feasible because of their high cost. Since Monkiewicz was only allowed $185,000 for advertising campaign, he will not be able to choose the more expensive advertising options like television.What he felt appropriate options for his advertising campaign were Buzz marketing, magazines, and price-off coupons. Based off of the chart above, Better Homes and Gardens magazine will also not be an option. He is left with Buzz marketing, trade marketing, food and wine magazine, cooking light magazine, and price-off coupons. RECOMMENDED AL FRESCO MARKETING STRATEGY The efficiency of buzz mar keting is undeniable, penetrating social networks and building personal relationships with consumers. With that being said, Matt Monkiewicz should choose to implement the Buzz marketing strategy for their advertising campaign.It is also a cheap option that has multiple benefits. In order to track the success of their Buzz marketing campaign he will just simply ask his Bzz agents to have the people they reach out to, for their product, fill out an online survey. This survey will ask questions like: will they continue to buy Al Fresco products, were they satisfied and if not, why? , and also if they were able to find their products at their local super market. Mr. Monkiewicz should combine his Buzz campaign with Trade marketing, with the combination of these two approaches he will surely get the word out there and it will help to build brand awareness.He can also use the remaining, [$185,000 – ($75,000+$80,000) = $30,000], $30,000 for price-off coupons, which will further help to expand their portion of the target market. TARGET MARKET Al Fresco should keep the same target market as before. Their target market should be women that range in age from 25 to 45 years old. This is the best suitable target market for their product, considering that this is the most health conscious market out there. What Al Fresco should do, however, is use their advertising efforts to capture a larger portion of this market. MARKETING MIXProduct Strategy – Al Fresco should keep their product of chicken sausage and their current flavors. Price Strategy – One thing that Al Fresco must do is not discount their products as much. We know that the sales force for Al Fresco thought the primary reason for becoming the number one selling product of chicken sausages was because of constant discounts they were giving away to the supermarkets. If Al Fresco can cut down on their discounts and they can continue to capture the majority of the market then they will be able to se e how effective their Buzz marketing campaign was.Distribution Strategy – The current distribution strategy implemented by Al Fresco has proven to be successful so they should continue to use the same strategy, â€Å"If it’s not broken, don’t fix it. † Advertising and Promotion Strategy – Al Fresco will use the combination of trade marketing, price-off coupons, and Buzz marketing for their advertising campaign. If they can effectively implement these low cost advertising approaches then they should be able to gain back some of their profit margin that they have been so concerned about in the past couple years.

Unwanted and Unplanned Teen Pregnancy and Sexually...

Unwanted and Unplanned Teen Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Illness (STI) Teen Pregnancy The birth rate among teens in the United States has declined 9% from 2009 to 2010, a historic low among all racial and ethnic groups, with the least being born in 2010; and in 2011 the number of babies born to adolescents aged 15-19 years of age was 329,797 (â€Å"Birth Rates for U.S.†, 2012). Although the decline in unwanted and unplanned teen births is on the rise the United States continues to be among the highest of industrialized countries facing this problem. This is a prevailing social concern because of the health risks to these young mothers as well as their babies. Teens at higher risk of becoming pregnant are raised at or below the poverty†¦show more content†¦145). Sexually Transmitted Illness Risky Sexual Behavior Risky sexual behavior not only results in teen pregnancy but also sexually transmitted illness (STI) (i.e., bacterial vaginosis, chlamydia, genital herpes, gonorrhea, syphilis, pelvic inflammatory disease ) presenting another social issue that has far reaching and grave adverse consequences for the teen, their families, their children and the overall public. Adolescent sexual health is a concern to educational specialists, organizations that are youth focused, local and national government agencies, members of the community, medical professionals, parents and caregivers. These groups and individuals collectively and separately work to create programs that will educate and provide support for this population, to prevent or decrease unplanned and unwanted teen pregnancy and STI’s while increasing safe sex practices and or promoting abstinence. Sexual activity among teens leads to high instances of STI’s, and adolescents ages 15-24 account for near ly half of the 20 million new cases of STIs each year; chlamydia and gonorrhea are the most commonly diagnosed among this age group (â€Å"Sexually Transmitted Diseases†, n.d.). STI’s are not obviously detectable making regular screenings critical and will result in the prevention of infertility and death. The highShow MoreRelatedProblems that Teenage Mothers Face Essay1602 Words   |  7 Pagesproblem of teen pregnancy. The Center of Disease Control and prevention affirmed on June 26 what other agencies, such as the National Center for Health Statistics, have been saying over the course of this year: â€Å"The teen pregnancy rate is dropping. The number of teenage girls across the country who became pregnant fell 12 percent between 1991 and 1996. This drops affects girls, of different races and socioeconomic backgrounds, in all states. 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Online Education Is A Type Of Distance Learning - 1022 Words

Online education is a type of distance learning. The student is taking courses without attending a school or university. Instead, online students and teachers interact over the Internet. Online classes can teach students educational responsibility. By forcing them to access the online portal to participate in reading the textbook/lectures and doing the assignments. Technical abilities are also learned with online classes. Students who lack the tech savvy knowledge can learn how to navigate through the online environment. Being able to access the online portal at any given time of the day is one other benefit to online education. Though online education may seem beneficial, there are more negatives than positives. Less direct contact, time†¦show more content†¦There is a lot of poor communication in online classes. There will be students who will never email the instructors for more details about an assignment, or, there will be older students who don’t know how to ema il the instructors for more details. If the student doesn’t understand an assignment, and never emails to ask for more details, can result in a poor grade for the lack of knowledge in knowing what they’re doing. There’s one final drawback to not having social interactions with instructors; Students can potentially miss out on building relationships that can result in helpful guidance and recommendation letters down the road when needed. Students who are prone to procrastination will have a difficult time adjusting to online classes. Hours of work are necessary to get through all of the materials, including course lectures, educational videos, assignments, projects, assigned textbook reading and discussions. For students who are getting an online degree, especially an online master’s degree, require a greater amount of work. The positive of online classes is being able to access the class in some free time. Most online classes, though, require work to be turned in on certain days and times. Which makes it harder for students to remember when assignments need to be done. The pleasure of the instructor reading/lecturing the textbook material out loud won’t be there. It takes time to read thoroughly

Arguments For Same Sex Marriage - 1483 Words

While seventeen states have already granted couples the right to marry whom they love regardless of gender, the rest of the country continues to forbid same-sex couples to marry (Ahuja) and in doing so, infringe upon one of the most basic freedoms we are allowed. Arguments for same-sex marriage, despite being backed up with hard legal evidence and Supreme Court rulings, continue to face opposition on the grounds of religious beliefs and personal values. Often cited by Catholics is an interpretation of marriage as â€Å"a promise made to God† and â€Å"a holy sacrament† that is only to be shared between one man and one woman. Other biblical interpretations suggest that a capital sin is committed by those in homosexual relationships and therefore must†¦show more content†¦Continuing to deny same-sex marriages based on religious beliefs, outdated social norms, and personal parenting ideals allows a severe but perfectly legal violation of civil and human rights to occur. At the forefront of the gay marriage debate is the Catholic Church, which has become the most outspoken critic against marriage equality. With approximately 78 million Catholics in America, this is a huge number of people who subscribe to a religion that self-identifies as being strongly anti-gay (Parnass). Chapter 20 of Leviticus, a book of the Old Testament oft-quoted for its numerous examples which Catholics claim provides credence to their anti-gay beliefs, states that â€Å"If a man also lie with mankind, as he lieth with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination: they shall surely be put to death; their blood [shall be] upon them† (The New Oxford Annotated Bible, Lev. 20:13). In other words, this passage states that any man who has sexual relations with another man has committed a sin and will be put to death because of it. However, the Catholic Church is in no position to claim that marriage between same-sex couples should not be allowed. What many Catholics f ail to realize is that marriage is a secular institution, meaning that any one man and woman can get married outside of the church regardless of the religion, or lack

Behaviors Towards Green Hospitals In Thailand Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(39) " significance to healthcare direction\." Thailand has late experienced an economic over growing that has been coupled with rapid industrialisation and urbanisation. This growing has every bit anticipated, caused a important debasement in the huge natural home grounds and resources of this state. Furthermore, natural catastrophes have raised serious concern in the vicinity. We will write a custom essay sample on Behaviors Towards Green Hospitals In Thailand Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the increasing consciousness of planetary clime alteration and natural catastrophes in the developed universe, environmental protection and energy sustainability have emerged as issues of turning importance. Companies across all sectors try to develop merchandises and patterns with a minimized environmental load, in order to take portion in â€Å" socially responsible † patterns, and to set up their presence as innovators in the freshly formed niche of consumers with ecological concerns. This is besides true for the Healthcare and Tourism industry, where concerns frequently rely on the unity and sustainability of the environment. However, while a figure of surveies exist for the touristry sector, there has been done about no research on green patterns in the infirmary industry. It is gratuitous to state that there is a high demand for infirmaries to prosecute in green patterns due to the big sum of waste generated but besides the theoretic behind the built-in committedness to a balanced coexistence of the patient with his environment in order to prolong a high degree of quality of life and public wellness. Furthermore, infirmaries that exhibit strong involvement in environmental issues and actively take part in eco-friendly patterns have the possible to distinct themselves from other concerns, therefore making a important competitory advantage. There are no surveies up to day of the month that have measured the consumer attitudes towards green pattern in infirmaries nor their willingness to pay, should an environmental policy in healthcare direction is to take topographic point. Aims The intent of this survey is twofold: to research consumer attitudes towards assorted countries of green patterns in infirmaries and consumers ‘ willingness to pay for green infirmaries, and to foretell attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control taking to the likeliness of consumers to actively seek and see green infirmaries. The proposed research and rating survey will take at placing the consequence of different socio demographic features on the bing likeliness to take â€Å" green † health care, but will besides analyze the influence of attitudes, subjective norm and sensed behavioural control on the consumers ‘ purpose to see such infirmaries. Consumers who originate from public sector infirmaries will besides be compared against those from private attention. Methods Ajzens ( 1985 ) Theory of Planned Behavior will be used as a theoretical foundation to analyze the above planned outcomes. Data will be collected with the aid of a structured study questionnaire. The survey sample is anticipated to be ~500 and it will be provided by bing clients of take parting infirmaries. The study will be conducted in the waiting suites of the participating infirmaries, which will be both private attention and public attention infirmaries in Thailand. Assuming that the population of Thailand is M and that M will see a infirmary at one point in their life-time, the survey sample will be divided among the private and public wellness sector. Hence with 250 at each side, the survey sample has been calculated to observe % of a one criterion divergence difference, with a power of 85 per centum and a significance degree of 5 % . This differentiation is made in order to avoid a systematic choice prejudice in the survey sample, since patients of the private sector are more likely to hold a higher socioeconomic degree and therefore either more environmentally led consciousness or a much greater willingness to pay for green tactics. In order to stratify the survey population samples, descriptive statistics will be employed and multiple additive arrested development theoretical accounts will be used to analyse the study instrument ‘s consequences. Use of findings The analyses are anticipated to uncover the true figure of consumers that perceive the country of ‘green infirmaries ‘ as of import. The analytical description of the factors underlying their behaviour will besides be provided and comparings will be made between consumers arising from different wellness backgrounds. It is besides anticipated that the willingness to pay for green health care will be measured by the study instrument, and that this can function as a important managerial assistance in the way of the pertinence and sustainability of such theoretical accounts. Therefore, this research aims to function as an analytical and determination steering tool in the way of greener health care, based on consumer ‘s sentiments. Aim This survey will utilize informations obtained from a constructions study questionnaire directed at consumers of private and public infirmaries in Thailand to find their attitudes and behaviours towards Green Hospitals. The survey ‘s aims are: To research consumer attitudes towards assorted countries of green patterns in infirmaries and consumers ‘ willingness to pay for green infirmaries harmonizing to socio-demographic factors and arising sector of health care used at the clip of the survey. To foretell attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control taking to the likeliness of consumers to actively seek and see green infirmaries in the hereafter. BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW This subdivision reviews the current relevant literature available on the current position quo of green patterns in infirmaries, hence making a background for this survey that will show the current demand for green infirmaries and the current accomplishments made or failures observed in already green health care disposals. This subdivision begins with basic background information on the first green infirmaries ‘ studies on mensural impact, patient satisfaction and organisational features and alterations observed. It incorporates a reappraisal on the consequence of green patterns at the industry degree every bit good as a elaborate reappraisal of countries that are of peculiar relevancy for the pertinence of these policies. It besides includes a reappraisal on published methods for all validated instruments directed at the measuring of consumers ‘ attitudes towards health care, their influential potency and subsequent significance to healthcare direction. You read "Behaviors Towards Green Hospitals In Thailand Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" This is provided to clarify the power of such an grounds based attack, where consumers ‘ sentiments are valued for the devising of managerial determinations on health care policies. This background is necessary to solidify the importance and cogency of the present survey. Finally, the theoretical background is reviewed. First the theory of planned behaviour is analyzed, which will function as a conceptual model for the mensural variables. Then hypotheses are developed, harmonizing to demographics and attitudes, subjective norms and sensed behavioural control. Already published information towards Green patterns in infirmaries is discussed and analyzed harmonizing to attitudes, subjective norms and sensed behavioural control. Green Practices in Tourism Management Research on the sustainability of tourer direction has focused on the development of environmental rules, translated as codifications of behavior or environmental policies ( United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) , 1994 ; Williams, 1993 ) . The 2nd phase of the application of environmental policies as they translated into pattern has besides been achieved for the touristry industry. The ‘greening ‘ of the operational activities of certain sectors of the industry provide with first-class illustrations of this phase ( World Travel A ; Tourism Council, World Tourism Council, Earth Council, 1995 ) . Hotel sustainability plans have concentrated on waste decrease, energy preservation, and H2O preservation. More sophisticated rejuvenation plans have introduced the usage of organic nutrients, non toxic cleansing merchandises, and chemical-free plague direction techniques. Besides, emanation decrease in the transit sector has been an activity that environmental tourer policies have concentrated on. Reports on the impact appraisal of the deduction of environmental policies in touristry are nevertheless few, and those focal point on the public presentation of a limited figure of international touristry corporations ( WTTERC, 1993 ) .Hence it is hard to reassign their findings to the wide scope of concerns in the wider health care and touristry industry. Green Practices in Health Contrary to their sibling ( the touristry industry ) , it is widely perceived that infirmaries are really immune to alter, both structurally and culturally. Their constellation, normally in concrete, frequently reflects the pattern of wellness attention and patient populations of past epochs. It is said that, alteration within the infirmary involves piecing the resources needed for high-quality attention, such as optimum usage of edifices, people and equipment, and forming them in a manner that provides high-quality attention ( Healy and McKee, Chapter 10 ) . There is a broad scope of surveies that prove an aetiologic relationship between environmental maltreatment and diseases, such as dioxins and malignant neoplastic disease, pesticide and nutrient and the effects of relentless organic defilers. On the infirmary degree, toxin and mercury-containing medical devices, the broad usage of pesticides in and around infirmaries and the big sum of waste generated are all issues that stress the demand for an environmental policy in health care. It is in other words envisioned that a stiff environmental policy could even be a factor of high quality attention for hospital staff and patients. In the last 10 old ages, there has been singular advancement in waste direction from an environmental wellness position. Hospitals have been placed in the frontline for infective waste direction, decreased chemical usage, advancing usage of healthy nutrients and advancing nurse leading in environmental stewardship. Given besides the seemingly increasing trouble of run intoing turning demand for good infirmary attention, infirmary directors have turned to Green Hospitals for better results. aˆÂ ¦ † About a twelve groups began building â€Å" green † infirmaries several old ages ago, and other groups are now following their lead † the Medical-News study in 2006. Inventions include solar panels, permeable pavement stuff to filter chemicals from rainwater overflow, H2O conserving lavatories, gum elastic floors, eco-friendly systems for disposing of medical waste, latex-free scrutiny baseball mitts, and cleaners without rough chemicals and reclaimable dissolvers. Gary Cohen, executive manager of the Environmental Health Fund, said that although inventions ab initio cost more, they can cut down operating costs over clip ( Landro, Wall Street Journal, 10/4/06 ) . The Luminary Project. ( 2005 ) . Nurses illuming the manner to environmental wellness. Retrieved April 30, 2007 from the universe broad web at: www.TheLuminaryProject.org. National Society for Healthcare Foodservice Management. ( 2007 ) . About HFM. Retrieved April 13, 2007 from www.hfm.org/about.html Bresnitz E.A. , Beckett W. , Chan-Yeaun M, Craig, T. , Gilman, M. , Harber, P. , et Al. ( 2004 ) . Guidelines for measuring and pull offing asthma hazard at work, school, and diversion. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care. Medicine Series on-line. 169, 873-881. Retrieved March 22, 2007 from the universe broad web at: www.asthmaregionalcouncil.org/resources/documents/GuidelinesforAssessingandManagingAsthmaRisk.pdf Green R. , Hauser R. , Calafat AM, Weuve, J. , Schettlet, T, Ringer, S. et Al, ( 2005 ) . Use of di ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate-containing medical merchandises and urinary degrees of glandular fever ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate in neonatal intensive attention unit babies. Environmental Health Perspectives. 113 ( 9 ) , 1222-1225. Retrieved April 30, 2007 from the universe broad web at: www.ehponline.org/members/2005/7932/7932.pdf Health Care Without Harm. ( 2007 ) . How to be after and keep a quicksilver thermometer exchange. Retrieved April 30, 2007 from the universe broad web at: www.noharm.org/library/docs/Going_Green_How_to_Hold_a_Mercury_Thermometer_.pdf Health Care Without Harm. ( 2006 ) . Hazards to asthma posed by indoor wellness attention environments: A usher to identifying and cut downing debatable exposures. Retrieved March 22, 2007 from the universe broad web at: www.noharm.org/details.cfm? type=document A ; ID=1315 Health Care Without Harm, News Release ( 2003 ) . New study: 100 % of reacting infirmaries use pesticides in or around installations. Retrieved April 30, 2007 from the universe broad web at: www.noharm.org/details.cfm? type=document A ; id=867. Health Care Without Harm ( n.d.a. ) Food: The issue. Retrieved April 30, 2007 from the universe broad web at: www.noharm.org/us/food/issue. Health Care Without Harm, ( n.d.b ) . Medical waste: The issue. Retrieved January 13, 2007 from the universe broad web at: www.noharm.org/us/medicalwaste/issue. Williams, P.W. ( 1993 ) Environmental concern pattern: Ethical codifications of behavior for touristry. Hospitality Trends 7 ( 1 ) , 8-11. World Travel A ; Tourism Council, World Tourism Organization, Earth Council ( 1995 ) Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry: Towards Environmentally Sustainable Development. London: WTTC. World Travel A ; Tourism Environment Research Centre ( WTTERC ) ( 1993 ) Travel A ; Tourism: Environment A ; Development. Oxford: WTTERC United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) ( 1988 ) Environmental scrutinizing. Industry and Environment 11 ( 4 ) , 12-18. – ( 1994 ) Environmental Codes of Conduct for Tourism. Paris: UNEP, Industry and Environment. Ward-Whate, L. , Bloomfield Healy, J. ( 1998 ) Social welfare Options: Delivering Social Services. Sydney: Allen A ; Unwin. Edwards, N. and Harrison, A. ( 1999 ) The infirmary of the hereafter: planning infirmaries with limited grounds. A research and policy job, British Medical Journal, 319: 1361-3. Mentions Chung, J. W. , and Meltzer, D. O.A Estimate of the C footmark of the U.S. wellness attention sector.A JAMA. 302 ( 18 ) :1970-1972, Nov. 11. 2009 Zhu, H.A First eco-friendly infirmary energy works installed. Epoch Times.A Nov 4, 2009. Clark, A.A Deirdre Imus ‘s mission to green up toxic infirmaries. GreenBiz.com.A Oct. 29, 2009. Gilbert, M.A Washington Co. schools, infirmary traveling green.A The Herald-Mail. Oct. 24, 2009. Hemingway, S.A A new shadiness of infirmary viridity. Burlington Free Press. Oct. 18, 2009 Cole, B.A Wisconsin infirmary saves green by traveling green. HealthLeaders Media. Oct. 5, 2009 Guenther R. Sustainable architecture for wellness: a mentality displacement. Guest column. Health Environments Research A ; Design Journal. 2 ( 4 ) :3-9, Summer 2009 Dunlop, D.A Healthcare ‘s green enterprise: the healthy infirmary motion. Alternate Health Journal. Aug. 3, 2009 Wu, J.A A Environmental conformity: The good, the bad, and the super viridity. Journal of Environmental Management. June 30, 2009. [ Epub in front of print ] Levy, J. , Funk, P. , and Cheney, K.A A The cogeneration option: salvaging money and the planet.A Healthcare Deisgn Magazine.A May 27, 2009 BaldwinA G. How green was my infirmary. Health Data Management. 17 ( 4 ) :82,84, 86, Apr. 2009 Harris, N. , and others.A Hospitals traveling green: a holistic position of the issue and the critical function of the nurse leader.A Holistic Nursing Practice. A 23 ( 2 ) :101-11, Mar./Apr. 2009 Greene, J. Energy. Online auctions touted as a manner to cut down costs, go green. HospitalsA A ; Health Networks. 83 ( 1 ) :17, Jan. 2009 Crisp, N. , and Donaldson, L.A Material Health: A Resource Flow and Ecological Footprint of the NHS.A Material Health, 2009 Hackenbrach, J.A A Mandates and available inducements for constructing green health care facilities.A Healthcare Design.A 8 ( 12 ) :16-18, Dec. 2008 Gehant, D.A Hospitals and the environment.A Frontiers of Health Services Management.A 25 ( 1 ) :3-10, Fall 2008 hypertext transfer protocol: //web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/EXTEAPREGTOPENVIRONMENT/0, ,contentMDK:20266329~menuPK:537827~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:502886,00.html Appendix: Outline of the proposed thesis Abstraction Recognitions Vita List of Tables List of Figures Chapters: 1. Introduction†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 1.1. Statement of the Problem†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 1.2. Aims of the Study†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 1.3. Definitions†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 1.4. Background and Setting†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 1.5. Significance†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND EMPIRICAL MODEL†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 2.1. Literature Reappraisal†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 2.1.1. Green Practices in Healthcare and Tourism Management†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 2.1.2. Customers†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 2.1.3. Industry†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 2.1.4. The Impact of Green Practices†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 2.1.5. Areas of Green Practices†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 2.1.6. Research Questions†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 2.2. Theoretical Model†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 2.2.1. Theory of Planned Behavior†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 2.3. Hypothesiss Development†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 2.3.1. Demographics and Attitudes†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 2.3.2. Demographics and Subjective Norms†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 2.3.3. Demographics and Perceived Behavioral Control†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 2.3.4. Attitude towards Green Practices in Hospitals†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 2.3.5. Subjective Norm on Green Practices†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 2.3.6. Perceived Behavioral Control of Visiting Green Hospitals†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 3. Procedure†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 3.1. Research Design and Subject Selection†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 3.2. Result Measures†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ ..viii 3.2.1. Independent Variables†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 3.2.2. Dependent Variable†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 3.3. Data Analysis†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 4. Consequence†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 4.1. Internal Consistency Reliability†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 4.2. Demographic Characteristics†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 4.3. Green Areas†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 4.4. Correlation of Importance of Green Areas with Demographic Characteristic†¦ †¦ 4.5. Willingness to Pay†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 4.6. Hypothesiss aa‚ ¬ † Linear Arrested developments†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 4.6.1. Demographics on Attitudes†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 4.6.2. Demographics on Subjective Norm†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 4.6.3. Demographics on Perceived Behavioral Control†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 4.6.4. Attitudes, Subjective Norm, and Perceived Behavioral Control on Intention 4.7. Multicollinearity†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 4.8. Linear Regressions Split by Hospitals†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 4.8.1. Attitudes by Hospital†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 4.8.2. Subjective Norm by Hospital†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 4.8.3. Perceived Behavioral Control by Hospital†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 4.8.4. Forecasters of Behavioral Intention by Hospital†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 4.9. Qualitative informations†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 5. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 5.1. Drumhead†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 5.1.1. Research Questions†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 5.1.2. Theory of Planned Behavior†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 5.2. Deductions†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 5.3. Restrictions†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 5.4. Future Research†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. How to cite Behaviors Towards Green Hospitals In Thailand Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples